June 21, 2025

Today in the orchard

Today was Farm and Homestead Day at MOFGA in Unity. It’s an annual event featuring an assortment of hands-on workshops attended by a couple hundred agricultural enthusiasts of all ages. The workshops are ongoing throughout the day and include scything, sharpening tools, spinning wool, making compost and other useful farm skills. It’s low-key, casual and quite fun. For the past few years I’ve led an apple ladder workshop. This year Skylar joined me and built herself a ladder. Skylar did most of work but I was there to be a guide. Throughout the day, other folks stopped by to watch us work, assist us, or just hang out and chat. It was the perfect way to spend the first day of summer.

Skylar’s ladder is about ten feet long. The rails (side pieces) are cedar (Thuja occientalis), the rungs are ash (Fraxinus americana) that she fashioned on our shaving horse with a draw knife, and the “tongue” piece at the top is apple wood. (Unsure which cultivar!) We use “Northern” White Cedar which is the more common cedar known for making shingles, fence posts, porch decks etc. It is light weight and very rot resistant. We like it for all those qualities, especially the light weight. There is a second “Atlantic” White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) in Maine. Atlantic White Cedar is much more rare.   

June 20, 2025

Today in the orchard

Scythes waiting for orchard action above the door, Italy 2006

The weeding continues around the trees in the Finley Lane Orchard. There are about four hundred. The process is a simple one: scythe or sickle the bedstraw and “unwanted” tall grasses away from the base of the tree; trim off any rootsprouts from below the graftline; cultivate the ground out about 12” from the trunk. Only three or four tools are required: a sickle or a scythe, a hand-cultivator (a “digger”) and a pair of hand pruners (we like “Felcos”). These are simple tools. They’ve been around for a long time in one form or another. With the exception of the hand-pruners, a farmer from two thousand years ago would know them well.   

Weeding Finley Lane is like one of those fifty-mile marathons that are popular these days. It’s not a sprint. In fact, much orchard work is like a really long marathon. Time becomes irrelevant. And the race, if you can even call it that, becomes one step at a time. One tree at a time. One breath at a time. On a good day, you might get thirty trees done. Next time you don your HOKA’s and head off for the trail, think of us weeding away at Finley Lane. And like that most famous marathon of all times—The Tortoise and the Hare—guess who wins?

June 19, 2025

Today in the orchard

Catching a swarm, June 19, 2025

Today we began to weed the Finley Lane Orchard. Sounds like a big job (it is), but it moves along quickly. We’ll be doing this for the next couple of weeks and will have details and photos in the next few days.

The big news, however, is that we had another swarm. We had had one on May 27 that we were too late to capture before the bees disappeared into the woods. This time we were ready!  We were weeding trees not far from the hives when it became evident that the bees were up to something really intense. They were getting louder and louder by the second. Within three or four minutes the sky above us was dark with a gazillion bees in a frenzy. It was wild. Before long they bunched up on the branch of one of the Wickson trees a few feet away. Fortunately the branch was only four feet above the ground.

Seth, the local beekeeper, had given us a special bee-catching cardboard box. Skylar held the box immediately below the swarm. Marc gave the branch a quick short shake, and the swarm fell into the box. It worked great, but in less than a minute, there were more bees bunched up on the branch. So we did the process again and got the rest. There were bees all over us, but, incredibly, none of us got a single sting. After about ten minutes, we plugged up the entry hole on the box when it appeared that no bees were leaving. Later in the afternoon, Seth arrived and examined the contents of the box. We had gotten the queen as well. We have a new hive!

June 18, 2025

Today in the orchard

Black Oxfords, fresh from the root cellar, June 18, 2025

I’d been curious about how the Black Oxfords were doing in the root cellar, so today I went through the last bushel and picked out enough to make a batch of sauce. The fruit looked great, and the sauce was excellent. One of Black Oxford’s various synonyms was “4th of July Apple.” As we use up the last of the apples, we’ll be sure to hold back enough Black Oxfords to see if it’s worthy of the moniker. (Only sixteen days to go.) Phooey on those who bad-mouthed “BOX” over the years. It is a great apple.

Today we mulched the potatoes. They are all up now. We plant them later than many of our friends do but still get good results. We don’t “hill them” as is often recommended; instead we mulch them heavily with old hay. The mulch keeps the weeds down, keeps the ground moist and prevents the potatoes from turning that weird bizarre green color.            

June 17, 2025

Today in the orchard

The Merlin app that many people are using these days is revolutionizing bird watching. We used to call it “bird watching.” Now, I suppose we should call it “bird-hearing.” Yesterday we saw/ heard what we thought might be a Northern Oriole along the woods beyond row seven in the Finley Lane orchard. But after a look at Merlin, we had to rule out Oriole because it had a white breast. Today we heard the same call, threw our tools into the air and rushed for the phone. Eastern Towhee. It’s another reason to have your phone in your hands every second you’re out in the orchard (just kidding). I went back and looked at a few Eastern Towhee photos and, by gosh, I think Merlin was correct. We’re living in a bird sanctuary! 

Black Locust, Kew Gardens, 1998

There are so many plants blooming on the farm now, it’s tough deciding which ones to feature. But today I’ll mention Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Black Locust is a native North American tree with a checkered reputation. It does spread by root suckers and can rapidly create stands of trees in locations you might not want them. On the positive side the wood grows very fast and makes fence posts that won’t rot for a hundred years (or so). Boat-builders love it for framing hulls. We have a small cluster of trees that have formed from a single seedling I planted about 25 years ago. The trees are already 30-40 feet tall. The flowers are also edible. Although I love our trees, my favorite is one I photographed in Kew Gardens in England about thirty years ago. It was planted in 1762!          

June 15, 2025

Today in the orchard

Today I’m veering off into apple cultivar spelling. Recently there has been a good deal of interest in the discovery of a rare, historic, French apple on Verona Island, ME. Verona Island is at the mouth of the Penobscot River, one of Maine’s largest and most important waterways. The area was first inhabited by Europeans (French) about four hundred years ago. The apple discovery is of particular importance because it is the only tree of this cultivar ever found in North America and because it is in the ancestry of many of North America’s most well-known cultivars. The apple is called Drap d’Or (Cloth of Gold). Inconveniently there are (at least) two apples that were historically called Drap d’Or. Consequently the apple discovered in Maine has a modifier added to the end: “de Bretagne.” The name has been spelled Drap d’Or de Bretagne. But, it has also been spelled “de Bretagna” with an “a” at the end.  The other well-known Drap d’Or is referred to as “Drap d’Or de Guemene. There is also a new question about “d’Or.” It appears that the correct spelling may be all lower case: “d’or”. (Please weigh it if you have opinions.)

On June 10 I received an email from Patrick Cardon, a Maine orchardist who is French and lives much of the year in France. He read about the discovery in the media. Here is what Patrick wrote to me: 

“I noted that your hand-written label was correctly spelled in the use of “Bretagne.”  The press however has it as “Bretagna!”  Please help them get it straight because “apples to oranges”, I bet, they’ll create a bad precedent.”  

This piqued my curiosity. On June 15 I wrote to Bob Doan, my long-time friend and a former Colby College French professor. Here’s what Bob wrote back to me:

“I think this is pretty straightforward. Drap d’or is French (“cloth of gold”). Bretagne is French for Brittany in northwestern France. There seems to be no question that this is a French apple. Bretagna is Italian for Brittany. Unless there is some justification for an Italian connection to the apple’s history I can’t imagine how Bretagna could be valid. There is nothing in French grammar that would prompt the use of an “a” at the end. My guess is that someone pronouncing Bretagne in French would (should) make it sound like lt rhymes with Tanya, like all other French words that end in “-gne”. 

I ran this as a query in ChatGPT and got the exact same interpretation. I can post the screenshot as validation, but I really don’t think there is any debate here.”

After hearing from Bob, I thought it might be useful to see other examples in French that might be similar. So I asked him to send other analogous examples. Here’s a list that he sent:

• Galette de Bretagne – a savory buckwheat crepe from Brittany

• Beurre de Bretagne – butter from Brittany, known for its high quality and often salted

• Cidre de Bretagne – cider made in Brittany, often artisanal

• Caramel au beurre salé de Bretagne – salted butter caramel from Brittany

• Fruits de mer de Bretagne – seafood from Brittany

• Phare de Bretagne – lighthouse of Brittany

• Forêt de Bretagne – forest in Brittany

• Presqu’île de Crozon, perle de Bretagne – Crozon peninsula, pearl of Brittany

• Costume traditionnel de Bretagne – traditional costume of Brittany

• Musique folklorique de Bretagne – folk music from Brittany

• Tapisserie de Bretagne – tapestry from Brittany

• Sel de mer de Bretagne – sea salt from Brittany

• Chouchen de Bretagne – a type of Breton mead

• Produit de Bretagne – product of Brittany (a common label/logo for regional items)

• Vêtement de Bretagne – clothing from Brittany (often refers to maritime styles)

I also wrote to my sister Emily Bunker who is knowledgeable about French and grammar in general. She replied: 

“ I know enough about French to have an opinion, and I wholeheartedly agree with every point Bob made! Including his guess on how the argument developed in the first place (because of how “-gne” is pronounced). Is there a possibility of an Italian connection? If not — it must be E! “

Emily then contacted Austen Creger, a friend who is fluent in French and received this reply:

“I agree with you all 100%, no way is there an A at the end of Bretagne. I wonder if someone is being overly (and mistakenly) clever because apple is feminine in French. Regardless, changing a location, Bretagne, to agree with a noun is not done. I think the Italian “gna” ending having somehow slipped in there makes some sense.  But not correct! I vote “e””

I (JB) am not a French expert by any means, but I do want to spell our apple cultivars correctly. It matters. It appears as though there is a consensus that the correct spelling should be with an E, not an A. I’m sending this email to Nick Howard in the Netherlands and Cameron Peace at WSU in Pullman. Perhaps the two of them and some of their colleagues will find this useful. Thank you everyone for your input!

June 14, 2025

Today in the orchard

Weeding crew

The big effort today was to weed the young nursery trees. Stay on the weeds or the little trees will disappear forever. It was wet early, and the mosquitoes were hungry; but by noon the sun was beaming down on planet Earth, and we congregated at the nursery. The mosquitoes retired to the tall grass and water-barrels. Four of us (Alyssa Gavlik, Kevin ?, Skylar and I) held a weeding-bee for the afternoon and were able to weed about 500 small trees. That gave us hours to catch up on a bit of nearly everything. By the end of the day the Nursery was magnificently weedless.

Weeding is an essential activity on the farm and in the orchard. To do it well we must dive deeply into the weeding and love what we do. It is not easy, and it takes time. But, it can be fun and joyful. It reminds me of what Thich Nhat Hahn often said about doing dishes. The two activities are not that different.

“I enjoy taking my time with each dish, being fully aware of the dish, the water, and each movement of my hands. I know that if I hurry in order to be able to finish so I can sit down sooner and eat dessert or enjoy a cup of tea, the time of washing dishes will be unpleasant and not worth living. That would be a pity, for each minute, each second of life is a miracle. The dishes themselves and the fact that I am here washing them are miracles!” Thich Nhat Hahn

June 13, 2025

Today in the orchard

Pumpkin-Melon bed with irrigation and row cover

This morning we completed yesterday’s spraying with a partial tank. Generally 200 gallons does the orchard, but as the trees grow (and we plant more trees) we’re creeping up on needing 250-300 gallons to do the job.

After spraying we prepared and planted 16 hills for pumpkins and melons in the bed where we dug out the nursery trees two years ago. We laid in irrigation lines and covered each hill with row cover to fend off the cucumber beetles.   

We also planted fifty apple seedlings that I started this past winter. I’m hoping one of them will be the next Honeycrisp. (Roll over University of Minnesota!) We also planted about two dozen “Strike Anywhere” peppers. Strike Anywhere is a small hot pepper that we’ve been selecting and growing on the farm for a few decades.  Not a household word, but a great, hardy, prolific addition to your next spicy meal. Strike Anywhere! 

June 12, 2025

Today in the orchard

Today we sprayed the orchards with a smorgasbord of who's who in the organic and weird spray world: Surround, Cueva, Dipel, Regalia, Cal-plus and several pungent herb teas (proprietary blend). It was Skylar’s first experience spraying the trees. The sprayer decided not to cooperate, and the tractor even stopped and wouldn’t start again until we did some begging and pleading. Laura and I spent a few hours doing major adjustments to the sprayer mid-stream before completing our original task. But, we did it. And, you could hear the trees cheering us on. Hail to the sprayers!   

June 11, 2025

Today in the orchard

Squash in the UK, November 2024. Wow!

Adjacent to our Finley Lane orchard is our nursery. It is there that we plant our newly grafted trees and our young seedlings. They spend their “formative” years—usually 2 or 3—in the Nursery before being transplanted to the orchard, sold or given away. The Nursery is about a half acre and has enough room that we can rotate our trees around. We don’t want to grow the young trees in the same soil year after year. So we grow them in one spot until ready to dig. Then, once we clear out that section, we rotate in other crops. Typically we plant garlic one year and potatoes the next. Then we plant young nursery trees again.  The Nursery is a good spot to plant our breeding-project pepper plants. We plant them there to keep them isolated from our other peppers as they cross-pollinate easily.

We often have bits of other free space as well. Since “nature abhors a vacuum”, we fill it in with more plants. Last year it was wheat. This year we’re planting some unusual  squash, pumpkins and melons. Today I spent several hours clearing out the weeds from our new patch and turning over the soil—all by hand. The weeds were about three feet tall so it was a lot of work. By day’s end the bed looked almost ready to go. We’ll do a few finishing touches tomorrow and plant on Friday.     

June 10, 2025

Today in the orchard

Blackberries in bloom, June 10, 2025

The blackberries are now in bloom. Last year we had an excellent crop, and this year looks as though it might be just as good. Years ago I researched “hardy” blackberry cultivars. It was impossible to find any in the nursery trade. I tried a few and was always disappointed. I’d wind up with thorny, poorly-producing blackberry ground-cover. The worst.     

In the late 1990’s, a friend and mentor from Fort Kent, ME, Garfield King, discovered a patch at an old farm site in southern Aroostook County and began to cultivate them. We sold these plants through Fedco for many years which we called “Fort Kent King.” We established a small patch here at Super Chilly Farm. The berries were large, and the quality was good. The porcupines were big fans of the Fort Kent King and sought them out amongst all the blackberries on the farm every summer. Sadly our planting was never super happy and died back over the years.

The local population of blackberries, however, has established itself around the farm, and the berries are quite acceptable. They are not nearly as large-fruited as the commercial cultivars (or Fort Kent King for that matter), but they are vigorous, hardy and productive. We thin out some of the canes during the winter. Otherwise they become so dense (and intense) we can’t get to them. They produce good berries and, on a year like last year, we can pick an almost endless crop. They are thorny as all get-out, but what’s a few thorns, now and then when the rewards are so delicious?    

June 9, 2025

Today in the orchard

The cool breeze reminds me not to get too cocky about summer’s arrival. It’s still ten days away, and spring is trying her best to get in the last word. It was a very pleasant temperature to be working in the gardens and orchards. The spring planting marathon is coming down the home stretch. Now it’s time to put on that last-minute sprint and get everything in. When the garden is full of plants, the assortment of new perennials have been transplanted here and there in the orchards and the trees are looking silver under their dressing of Surround, we’ll breathe a few deep breaths before we begin the summer work.  

Year’s ago I was on a Morris Team. We danced pre-Christian, ritualistic, springtime dances with bells strapped to our ankles. The tunes and occasional shouted lyrics were all traditional (although I did have the audacity to write one for our team.) We sung out in unison, leapt into the air and then clashed our ash sticks: 

“When the spring is sprung and seeds are sown beyond the garden gate,

The scythe is hanging in the barn while the patient farmer waits!”

Comfrey in bloom with Bombus sp., June 9, 2025

Bumble bees (Bombus spp) were out feasting on Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) pollen all day today. There are 17 different Bumble bee species here in Maine. (Who’d have thought?) I don’t know which ones we have, but they always seem to be around. The Comfrey bloom is a reminder that it is approaching time to take the old, apple-handled scythe down off the wall in the barn and make compost. Comfrey leaves and stems make some of the best. Never put the roots in the compost, however, or you’ll have Comfrey growing across every inch of your garden.

June 8, 2025

Today in the orchard

Tour group at the Maine Heritage Orchard, June 8, 2025

The sun came out, and the trees were happy. So were the people who rushed outside to soak in the rays. I traveled up to the Maine Heritage Orchard in Unity for a tour and picnic. It was a perfect day to share the orchard with an enthusiastic group of supporters. 

Back in our orchards the last of the late-bloomers are still flowering. The plum curculios are lurking in the sidelines, ready to attack as the temperatures rise. We’ll spray Surround again in a day or two.  Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is the next threat to the crop, but we won’t need to deal with them for another week or so. Everywhere around the farm one plant is flowering and then another. The Highbush Cranberry (Viburnum trilobum) is now in full bloom.  

With the Merlin app (merlin.allaboutbirds.org), we’re discovering that we’re living in an avian sanctuary. We knew we had a lot of birds that were too shy to come to the feeders, but we didn’t know the extent of who’s nesting on the farm. The app can identify the birds from their calls, even if they’re hiding in the woods and we can’t see them. Today we woke up to a Red-eyed Vireo which announced its arrival at Super Chilly Fartm by serenading us with its complex song all day long. It’s gratifying to think that the farm is so welcoming to birds. We need an app that can ID apples from their calls!

June 7 2025

Today in the orchard

I began the task of moving the chipped-up brush to the trees. Alyssa Gavlik helped me spread several loads around the base of the young trees in the BRC orchard. The light rain felt good after the intense heat of the past two days. Meanwhile Cammy planted peppers in one of the hoop houses. Maintaining soil moisture in the hoops is an annual challenge. Taking off the plastic for the winter to let in moisture is a good solution except that we hate having to purchase new plastic in the spring. Maybe it’s time to build a glass greenhouse with a retractable roof... 

Nettles in the news

The spinach and lettuce in the larger hoop house will soon be pulled out so we can plant the tomatoes in their place. In the orchard the nettles are now going to flower. There appears to be some consensus that you should harvest leaves for tea before the plants flower. Once they flower the tea will supposedly be stronger and more bitter. We’ve been harvesting nettles for the past month. We rinse the leaves in a large bowl, dry them in a salad spinner and lay them out on newspaper or on our herb-drying screen above the wood stove. Once they’re rinsed, I find them easy to handle without gloves.

June 6, 2025

Today in the orchard

It was hot again though not as hot as yesterday. We chipped brush and prunings for a second day. We now have several large piles of chips to show for it. We’ll spread them around the apple trees in the coming days where they will suppress weeds, help maintain soil moisture, and feed the trees and soil microbes for the next decade or two. Then next year we'll chip again.

The very late-blooming apple cultivars are, amazingly, still in bloom, although the earliest of the late-bloomers are beginning to fade. Bloom should be officially over within the next week.  

In the evening we had a rather robust thunderstorm that dropped an inch of rain in a couple of hours. I’m not sure we needed it, but we have soil that absorbs water well and a lot of trees that love to make good use of it.   

An apprentice who survived half a day of chipping atop a chip pile.

June 5, 2025

Today in the orchard

Lupines (Lupinus polyphyllus)

Today was the hottest day we’ve had in 2025, maybe in the 90’s, so of course it was the day we decided to chip brush. This is the job that every apprentice anticipates with great enthusiasm. What could be more fun than grinding tree limbs into tiny bits using a big machine? Their excitement diminishes rapidly when they realize that chipping is dirty, tough, loud and exhausting under any conditions, and even more so when the temperatures go up. No apprentice has ever voluntarily returned for a second day, and a few have told us that it was their least favorite day of the season. But despite our age and ailments, we persevered (with a little help from Marc) and chipped up a massive amount of prunings. We prefer not to leave all the pruned branches in piles or even scattered around to rot. We know other orchardists who have done so and wound up with fungal diseases in their orchards. Since we don’t want to burn the wood or cart it to the dump, we borrow a big chipper from our neighbor to chip up the fruit tree prunings and brush we’ve cleared along the edges of the farm. Then we spread the chips back around the trees as mulch and future fertilizer. It’s a good system. The trees and gardens love the mulch. But it does require a powerful chipper and a intense and grueling couple of days. 

We saw our first lupine flowers (Lupinus polyphyllus) yesterday. Lupinus polyphyllus has become a beautiful addition to the Maine landscape but one that has a complicated relationship with the native ecology. In some areas it’s considered unwanted and invasive. (Oh, the things that humans set in motion.) Lastly, a rose-breasted grosbeak came to the feeder this morning. What an amazing song!.   

June 4, 2025

Today in the orchard

The crew from the Ecdysis Foundation

It was hazy and warm today in the orchard. A group of agricultural researchers from the Ecdysis Foundation in South Dakota came to visit today. There were nine of them, including entomologists, soil scientists and an ornithologist. They spent the morning up in the Finley Lane orchard counting bugs, taking soil samples and listening for birds (I think he said he counted eight different warblers.) They visit farms across the US, make detailed observations and then assess different agricultural practices in an effort to determine which ones (if any) could be adopted by other farmers as we attempt to invent a new agriculture for the 21st century. It was fun to show them around and then watch them go to work. They’ll send us their findings in a few months. Hopefully something we’re doing at SCF can be of use to others.

Later in the day I cut nettles and set it on screens to dry. We drink lots of nettle tea in the winter. We probably have enough nettles out in the BRC orchard to start a business making nettle tea.

During the evenings lately we’ve been serenaded by several thousand frogs that spend their warm season in and around the ponds and wetlands here on the farm. The frogs are probably at least a few decibels louder than the Grateful Dead on a wild night in San Francisco in 1968 (the good ol’ days). And yet, they don’t seem to keep us from nodding off. Green noise. 

June 3, 2025

Today in the orchard

Atheline Wilbur, June 2, 2025.

The temperature was 35F at 6 AM for the second morning in a row. That’s cutting it close but caused no problems. It was Jack Frost’s last gasp for the spring I suspect. We’ll see him back in three months. He’s heading off to pester the Tasmanians. We had a busy day in the orchards today. Up at the Nursery we planted two long rows of potatoes in the spot where we dug the nursery trees earlier this spring. Later Skylar and I transplanted Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) from the blueberry terrace to the BRC orchard where it can spread freely and form its own happy colony. Some people call it “invasive”, but when the Tansy’s in bloom, the flowers are host to a multitude of insects. We cultivated around the grapes that are beginning to grow up nearby maple trees (Acer rubrum) and fertilized them with compost. Meanwhile Cammy planted out corn seedlings in the big garden. At the end of the day Laura and I sprayed the plums, cherries and peaches with Surround and Regalia. Regalia is a biofungicide made of Knotweed (!) that works by helping the plant to boost its own resistance to whatever annoys it next.  After completing the spraying, I took a few minutes to fill up the tractor bucket with firewood from down at the south end of the orchard and contemplate the universe before heading home. The air, the breeze, the sky, the orchard: it was all pretty close to perfect. Maybe it was.

I guess I haven’t yet said goodbye to lilacs for the year. Maybe tomorrow. For now I’ll tell you about one other favorite. I’ve never liked the color pink too much but occasionally there comes along a pink that is hard not to adore. To my eye, Atheline Wilbur is the epitome of that pink. I love it.    

June 2, 2025

Today in the orchard

It was mostly clear and dry today and finally starting to warm up.  If you listen carefully you can hear the plants chanting in a low rumble, “heat…heat…heat…heat…” It’s building to a crescendo. The onions, especially, are about to blurt out “IT’S TIME FOR SOME HEAT!”  The apples could use it too. So could the plum curculios. The poor little guys are shivering in their shells in the woody forest duff. Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) is a weevil that winters in the woods of Maine and feeds on small fruit. They particularly relish small plums and apples (c. 6mm). They also need heat to motivate, so although the fruits are approaching the perfect size, we haven’t seen evidence of the “Curcs” yet. The telltale sign is a “crescent moon-shaped” scar on the surface of the tiny fruit. On a “good” curc year, the apple and plum crops can be devastated. The affected fruit typically drops to the ground at a young age, long before reaching a usable size. Conventional growers use certain pesticides to control the Curc. We use Surround, the refined clay powder. Today we sprayed the apples still in bloom (just a few left) and all those at “petal-fall” (many). It’s a big job but we did it. 

Ludwig Spaeth, June 2, 2025.

Quick word about lilacs before they fade away for another year. I mentioned Ludwig Spaeth the other day. I was out admiring it this evening. What a great color. It’s worth growing if you have a soft spot for Lilacs.

June 1, 2025

Today in the orchard

Before we leave Malus baccata and turn our focus in other directions, let’s look at promising Baccata selections with cider potential. Two of the early twentieth century champions of Malus baccata were the breeders Niels Hansen and Isabella Preston. Hansen was into dessert and culinary selections. Preston was into ornamentals. Both found Baccata to be valuable for their purposes, and both introduced apples that are now being considered for their value as cider apples. Both also made extensive use of Niedzwetzkyana which Hansen found in Kazakhstan and brought back to the US. 

One of Preston’s introductions—Geneva—is a selection of Niedzwetzkyana likely crossed with Baccata. It is red-fleshed, generally available and has been adopted by cider-makers. (We are not currently growing Geneva though we should.) We are currently growing two of Hansen’s Baccata introductions with cider potential: Amsib and Kensib. The “sib” in their names indicates Baccata (ie Siberian Crab) in their parentage. Kensib is 2” and bitter. Amsib is nearly 2” and mild. Hansen also introduced the famous Dolgo which is a seedling of Baccata parentage.